- A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance.
The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter of between approximately 1 and 1000 nanometers.
.
WHO DISCOVERED THE COLLOID?
- The Scottish chemist Thomas Graham discovered (1860) that certain substances could be separated from certain other substances by dialysis
. He gave the name colloid to substances that do not diffuse through a semipermeablemembrane (e.g., parchment or cellophane) and the name crystalloid to those which do diffuse and which are therefore in true solution.Colloidal particles are larger than molecules but too small to be observed directly with a microscope; however, their shape and size can bedetermined by electron microscopy. In a true solution the particles of dissolved substance are of molecular size and are thus smaller than colloidal particles; in a coarse mixture the particles are much larger than colloidal particles. Although there are no precise boundaries of size between the particles in mixtures, colloids, or solutions, colloidal particles are usually on the order of 10−7 to 10−5 cm in size.
CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS
- One way of classifying colloids is to group them according to the phase (solid, liquid, or gas) of the dispersed substance and of the medium ofdispersion. A gas may be dispersed in a liquid to form a foam or in a solid to form a solid foam. A liquid may be dispersed in a gas to form an aerosol , in another liquid to form anemulsion. A solid may be dispersed in a gas toform a solid aerosol, in a liquid to form a sol or in a solid to form a solid sol.
Formation of Colloids
Formation of Colloids
- There are two basic methods of forming a colloid: reduction of larger particles to colloidal size, and condensation of smaller particles into colloidal particles. Some substances are easily dispersed (in the proper solvent) to form a colloid; thisspontaneous dispersion is called peptization. A metal can be dispersed by evaporating it in an electric arc; if the electrodes are immersed inwater, colloidal particles of the metal form as the metal vapor cools. A solid (e.g., paint pigment) can be reduced to colloidal particles in acolloid mill, a mechanical device that uses a shearing force to break apart the larger particles. An emulsion is often prepared byhomogenization, usually with the addition of an emulsifying agent. The above methods involve breaking down a larger substance into colloidalparticles. Condensation of smaller particles to form a colloid usually involves chemical reactions—typically displacement, hydrolysis, oroxidation and reduction.
PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
- One property of colloid systems that distinguishes them from true solutions is that colloidal particles scatter light. If a beam of light, such asthat from a flashlight, passes through a colloid, the light is reflected (scattered) by the colloidal particles and the path of the light can thereforebe observed. When a beam of light passes through a true solution (e.g., salt in water) there is so little scattering of the light that the path ofthe light cannot be seen and the small amount of scattered light cannot be detected except by very sensitive instruments. The scattering oflight by colloids, known as the Tyndall effect, was first explained by the British physicist John Tyndall. When an ultramicroscope (seemicroscope
) is used to examine a colloid, the colloidal particles appear as tiny points of light in constant motion; this motion, called Brownian movement
, helps keep the particles in suspension. Absorption
is another characteristic of colloids, since the finely divided colloidal particleshave a large surface area exposed. The presence of colloidal particles has little effect on the colligative properties
of a solution.
Advantages and disadvantages
Colloids are better than crystalloids at expanding the circulatory volume, because their larger molecules are retained more easily in the intravascular space (Kwan et al, 2003) and increase osmotic pressure (Bradley, 2001).
However, excessive use of colloids can precipitate cardiac failure, and pulmonary and peripheral oedema (O’Neill, 2001). Although the pulmonary oedema caused by excessive use of colloids is delayed in comparison with that caused by crystalloids, it is more sustained (Bradley, 2001). Schierhout and Roberts (1998) also found that fluid resuscitation using colloids can cause pulmonary oedema as well as anaphylactic shock and they can lead to a small increase in the rate of death.
Gelatins can cause anaphylactic reactions and there is concern regarding the possible transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Bradley, 2001).
In addition, colloids are required for fluid challenges, as 200ml of colloid solution will re-expand intravascular volume by 200ml (Webb, 1999).
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